OGM begins with the isolation of UHMW DNA from a variety of fresh or frozen sample types. Unlike standard DNA isolation methods such as precipitation, column, or bead-based methods, which yield molecules too small and fragmented for assembly, the Bionano sample prep method produces large molecules (>150 kbp) needed to span large and complex SVs.

Sample types accepted include blood, bone marrow aspirate, cultured cells, tissue, tumor and cultured amniocytes or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) samples. Note that formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples are not acceptable because the fixation process shears the DNA.

In a single enzymatic reaction, the Bionano Direct Label and Stain (DLS) workflow recognizes a 6 bp sequence motif occurring approximately 14-17 times per 100 kbp in the human genome and transfers a fluorescent label to it via covalent modification. This labeling step results in a uniquely identifiable sequence-specific pattern of labels to be used for genome map assembly.

The labeled DNA is loaded into the inlet and outlet sides of a single flow cell of a chip, allowing electrophoresis of molecules from inlet to outlet.

The genome mapping instrument controls the movement of DNA in the flow cell by electrophoresis. A gradient of micro- and nanostructures, upstream of the nanochannels, gently unwinds and guides DNA into the nanochannels. The nanochannels allow only a single linearized DNA molecule to travel through while preventing the molecule from tangling or folding back on itself. 

Once the DNA is stretched inside the nanochannels, the high-resolution camera images them. This environment allows molecules to move swiftly through hundreds of thousands of parallel nanochannels simultaneously. Long molecules spanning beyond a field of view are stitched together. Once imaged, the molecules are flushed, and the process is repeated with new molecules.

Once raw image data of labeled long DNA molecules is captured by the genome mapping instrument, it is converted into digital representations of the motif-specific label pattern.

Bionano Solve™ data analysis software then assembles the data to create a genome map. These genome maps enable a variety of analyses for detection of genomic variants such as structural variants, copy number variants, allelic imbalances, and more.

Bionano software platforms can be used to perform a variety of analyses on the OGM data, with many tools available for diverse types of research questions. Read more about the Access and N_xClinical software solutions for a complete description.